Canadian Interest Groups Essay Example For Students

Canadian Interest Groups Essay Interest group representation in Canada identifies societys influence on the governing body and the policies decided upon in the legislative setting. The composition of interest groups has evolved over time and has lead to study of three distinct approaches to the power the representational groups have. The growth and change of interests in the Canadian state are dependent upon the structure between societal and government values. An interest group refers to a group of individuals bound together to excerpt pressure upon the government to achieve a common goal and acquire a common benefit. The Canadian government can not deal with the immense responsibility, which is delegated to it without interacting with every major sector of national institutional structure.The interaction gives interest groups a great deal of power because they provide the organization and the knowledge required by the government to oversee the numerous demands and then present the issues back to the government in an easily understandable process. Single issues or individual influence groups are the basic building blocks of modern pressure groups. Every interest is seen as expressing a combined purposeof individuals that have come together to achieve certain objectives. These groups have limited organizational skills and lack the knowledge of government to succeed in the few specific issues on their objective. Single issues interest groups usually have a fluid membership base, which use the media and extreme action to obtain their goals. The groups usually are fighting for a change in private or public policy they find unfair of unjust. These groups tend to disband when they reach their goals (or concede defeat). Although single interests groups are not completely ineffective, their tendency towards fanaticism makes them not well liked in the beacratic community and in turn do not stay around for to long. The main key to success for these groups lies within their effectiveness to appeal to public opinion. If the single interes ts group is around for enough time either by succeeding or refusing to give up they usually band together with other similar single interest groups to carry on the fight. Groups such as this are referred to as organizational interest groups and usually contain a higher degree organization than the single interests groups. Joining two or more groups with attention on structuarl interests can attracts a wider membership base that in turn provides a larger financial support to work with. With more money the group can take hire small staff of experts including lawyers, public policy experts, and public relations staff to help meet the changes in the government. The structure and basic goals of the organization do not change after the merger it simply becomes more complex. Organizational groups tend to avoid excessive behavior in the name of the cause and the use of media to gather public attention. Instead, the groups use formal briefs to get their point across to the general public. Th e organizational groups are competent in the political arena but are not as effective as the institutional groups. Institutional groups or superorganizational groups have an extensive membership basis that allows for a stable membership of like-minded people. Everyone within the institutional group does not partake in the same specific interest; the members are required to share the information with others in the group to act in a common fashion. The groups have considerable resources to carry out their concrete and immediate objectives. The resources include a highly trained staff that has extensive knowledge of the government that effects the appropriate government officials and can communicate easily with them. Unlike the single interests or organizational groups, institutional interest groups have the skills and knowledge needed to act as a go between, keeping the political process going among the disagreeing agencies. They have the ability to evaluate policy and develop opinions outside of party discipline. Institutional groups members follow an unwritten code of conduct that prohibits actio n that would make the group unfavorable to the higher up members in government. The need for minority representation in government is the substructure of interest groups. In a pure democracy a society consists of a small number of citizens who assemble and administer the government in person by a majority vote. The uncertainty lies in the fact that there is no protection for the smaller and weaker sections of society. The purpose of interest groups in a democratic system is to represent their members views against the groups whom share conflicting views, even when the opposition is the majority government. The theory of pluralism is based upon four fundamental principles. The first is equal access to the political process and to the policy making arena, everyone should have an equal right to have their voice heard. Secondly, there must be a conflict between the government and the people which makes it necessary for there to be different interest groups representing different ideas. The third factor is that there must be fragmentation within society, without which Canada would be made up of like-minded people and there would be no need for minority representation. Finally there must be neutrality of the State, the government should not show any bias for the interest groups vying for their attention. Pluralism explains the more interest groups there are in a political system, the more likely those groups are to neutralize each others strengths to make sure the state is to run for an elite few. Instead, the large number of interest groups in a system creates a society for the common good of all citizens. Consider the significance of the Hamlet's ghost to the play EssayAlthough Canada does exhibit some degree of pluralism, Canadians are far from a perfect pluralistic society. Fundamental pluralism, as discussed earlier, does not exist. It is unrealistic to think that each interest group has the same resources be it economic, levels of education, or the power the members hold. If all interest groups do not stand equal then there will be parts of society (minorities, the poor, etc.) which are underrepresented. Then only the elite will be making the demand for change in society but it will be change only for a select few and not for the masses. Also, there is evidence that governments do favor some groups over others and favoritism causes governments to hear the need of the preferred group over another. The theory of cooporatism attempts, like pluralism, to describe the actual relationship between interest groups and government. This relationship is described as cooperative between som e interest groups and government with the goal to be providing stability in the development and implementation of policies. In theory, the government of a fascist state essentially forcefully controls state corporatism. Neither pluralism nor corporatism seems to fit with the Canadian system. A theory of corporate pluralism fits better in with the system of government. Corporate pluralism allows the government to grant the power to certain interest groups to speak and negotiate for their sector. Secondly, it involves the intervention of government in the economy and society to achieve certain goals or policies. Businesses in Canada are the major political supporter for political parties. In 1999, business and commercial organizations contributed over 12.7 million dollars to the different parties in Canada and it is not too suprising the top recipient of the business worlds generosity was the Liberals receiving more and six million over what any other party received. Politicians listen and comply with those whom pay the bills. Not all business demands will be accommodated just because of large campaign contribution, especially if there is a conflict of interest between two contributing business groups . . Business concerns are dealt with at the highest levels of government and have nation wide significance. Businesses are courted by parities to ensure both groups get what they want. Parties will guarantee favors or business contracts once elected to office, is a contribution is made. Businesses buy access to the people in power. The large monetary gifts ensure the government will be willing to a least listen to the problems of the business community. The government will usually grant business requests if they are reasonable and within the governments power. If business feel strongly about a specific desision regarding a particular issue, individual business will lobby together and form a coalition. In November of 1981 a business coalition was formed in protest of the MacEachen budget. The outrage of the business community caused the government to issue an economic statement, detailing a new budget seven months after the first budget was released. Big business does get their way. When technical issues are involved government usually follows the advise of businesses because the goverment needs an explanation on the impact new technology has on society and whom better to answer than those whom designed it. Although globalization does influence Canadians, the effects are minimal compared to the rest of the world. Canada is a nation of immigrants, with origins reaching all corners of the globe. The character of the country represents peoples with varying interests, goals, and resources. Globalization does change the organization of interest groups but the effects are immeasureable because of the country is one of the most international of nations and will likely deal with global issues in the confines of government policy. Interest groups in Canada have been dependent on the three levels of analysis that separate interests groups. Organizational interest groups have been gaining great momentum in Canadian politics which conditions political party groups from the outside. The interest group community is becoming a huge force within all policy communities. The constraints placed on interest groups at the sector level has helped interest groups to organize their resources and enabled them to project their view to government more efficiently. Bibliography:Alford, Robert R. and Roger Friedland, Powers of Theory. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1985. Banting, Keith, Michael Hawes, Richard Simeon, and Elaine Willis, eds. Policy Choices: Political Agendas in Canada and the United States. Kingston: Queens University, 1991. Brickerton, James, and Alain-G. Gagnon, eds. Canadian Politics. 3rd ed., Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1999. Knuttila, Murray. State Theories. 3rd ed., Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, 1992. Malvern, Paul. Persuaders. Toronto: Methuen, 1985. Nye, Joseph S. Jr., Kurt Biedemkopf, and Motoo Shiina. Global Cooperation. New York: The Trilateral Commission, 1991. Presthus, Robert, Elite Accommodation in Canadian Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Pross, Paul A., Group Politics and Public Policy. 2nd ed., Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1985. Seidle, Leslie F., ed. Equity and Community. Ottawa: Renouf Publishing, 1993. Thompson, Clive S., ed. First World Interest Groups. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993. Thompson, Fred and WT Stanbury, The Political Economy of Interest Groups in the Legislative Process in Canada, Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, Occasional Paper No. 9, viii. Young, Robert, ed. Stretching the Federalism. Kingston: Queens University, 1999.

Agamemnon monologue from the play by Aeschylus Essay Example For Students

Agamemnon monologue from the play by Aeschylus Essay A monologue from the play by Aeschylus NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Dramas of Aeschylus. Trans. Anna Swanwick. London: George Bell and Sons, 1907. AEGISTHOS: Hail, joyous light of justice-bearing day! At length I can aver that God\s supernal, Judges of men, look down on earthly woes, Beholding, in the Erinyes\ woven robes, This man, thus prostrate, welcome sight to me, The wiles atoning compassed by his sire. For Atreus, Argos\ ruler, this man\s father, Did from the city and his home expel Thyestes, rival in the sovereignty, My father, to be plain, and his own brother. But coming back, a suppliant of the hearth, Wretched Thyestes found a lot secure, Not doomed his natal soil with blood to stain, Here in his home: but this man\s godless sire, Atreus, with zeal officious more than kind, Feigning a joyous banquet-day to hold, Served to my sire, for food, his children\s flesh. Their feet indeed, the members of their hands, Seated aloof, in higher places, he hides. Partaking of the undistinguished parts, In ignorance, Thyestes eats the food, Curse-laden, as thou seest, to the race. Discerning then the impious deed, he shrieked, And back recoiling the foul slaughter spewed. Spurning, with righteous curse, th\ insulted board Dread doom he vows to the Pelopidà ¦; So perish the whole race of Pleisthenes. Hence is it that ye see this man laid low; The righteous planner of his death am I. For me, the thirteenth child, in swathing clothes, He with my wretched sire, to exile drove. But, grown to manhood, Justice lead me back, And I, although aloof, have reached this man, The threads combining of the fatal plot. Now for myself \twere glorious to die, Seeing this man entrapped in Justice\ toils.

Writing a Samples Classification Essay

Writing a Samples Classification EssayWhen you write a sample's classification essay, you are defining and categorizing the subjects that you know and people in your class. Writing a samples classification essay will help you in building a stronger knowledge base of the subject and make you more confident about your performance in the class.Categories of subjects are important in history. We learn a lot from our teachers in class-based history classes that are very popular in the US and also in many other countries. An essay on the history is different from an essay on science.The samples classification essay can help you in presenting the good and the bad points of the subject that you have decided to write about. You can use a sample classification essay to make sure that you have clearly defined the topic before you start writing. A sample classification essay on any subject can be categorized into two basic categories - as an introduction and as a conclusion.The first type of the samples classification essay is the introduction essay. The introduction usually asks the student about their name, what school they attend, and what they are studying. This helps the teacher or the person reading the essay to see what the students are interested in. The best part about the introduction is that the essay may be short, because it's a place where you can put down your first thoughts and ideas.The second type of the samples classification essay is the conclusion. This ending is usually very long, because you have to go through all the examples that you gave in the beginning.To complete the sample classification essay, you have to define the major and minor figures of the essay, what the main thesis of the essay is, and the level of complexity that the essay has. These two definitions may be used by the author of the sample classification essay.If you want to write a sample's classification essay for an easy essay that may be read easily by your friends, you can use th e definitions that are the easiest for you. You should make sure that your essays are written in an interesting way. Sample classification essays are required to complete the requirements for admission to any high school.

Oceanography As Viewed From Space Essays - Oceanography,

Oceanography As Viewed From Space Oceanography as Viewed from Space Introduction At first thought, studying the oceans from space seems to be a bizarre idea. Space observation helps oceanographers do research with manned and unmanned space systems. The space systems can be satellites and/or space shuttles that observe various features of the ocean such as sea-surface winds, sea-surface temperatures, waves, ocean currents, frontal regions, and sea color. Technological advances have greatly improved the ability of oceanographers to gather and use information that is received. Oceanography as viewed from space has and will become more and more valuable as we begin to understand more of the world's oceans. Projects Space oceanography uses a number of different sciences to research the oceans that include physics, geology, biology, chemistry, and engineering (Cracknell 13). This is evident in the projects that send satellites into space for observation of our oceans. In 1992, the Topex/Poseidon project was launched to observe the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere (Cracknell 17). The Topex/Poseidon mission is to gather information about sea level heights and ocean currents (Cracknell 17). The Topex/Poseidon orbits above the earth at 840 miles and has a 10-day repeating cycle in which it takes pictures of all of the earth (Cracknell 17). Information about the how the sea level changes can tell scientists that there are changes in ocean currents and in climate patterns (Cracknell 25). This information is valuable to both oceanographers and meteorologists because it gives information about the phenomena, El Nino. Figure 1 is a picture of how the Topex/Poseidon works. Figure 1(NASA) The Topex/Poseidon receives information as to what it is supposed to do from a beacon on earth. The satellite then gathers the information it is supposed to gather and then sends it to the beacon on earth. The beacon on earth processes this information so that scientists can use it. As the Topex/Poseidon nears the end of observation new developments are being made to continue with similar work. Jason 1 is an observation satellite that will look at extending research about the interaction of oceans with the atmosphere, improving predictions about the climate, continue to monitor El Nino, and observe ocean eddies (Cracknell 26). These satellites are leading the way to a better understanding of our oceans as well as weather on planet earth. History Observations of oceanographic features with pictures were first realized with the invention of the camera (Pinet 181). Soon after the invention of the Camera, hot air balloons were used to take high altitude pictures of the land and sea, for mapping purposes (Pinet 181). In World War II, pilots took pictures of large areas of land that were used to develop strategies in the war (Pinet 181). At the beginning of the space age, just after World War II, rockets (although never in orbit) used movie cameras to photograph the surface (Pinet 182). The first manned shuttles took pictures of Earth and realized there were many observations of the oceans to be made (Pinet 182). Soon remote sensing came into action as satellites were sent into orbit (Pinet 182). Process of Remote Sensing Remote Sensing involves two types of instruments, passive and active (Gautier 58). Passive instruments detect natural energy that is reflected or emitted from the Sun (Gautier 59). Scientists use a variety of passive remote sensors such as a radiometer, imaging radiometer, and spectrometer. A radiometer measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in a band of wavelengths in the spectrum (Gautier 59). The spectrum is a measure of the visible, infrared (heat), and microwaves emitted from the Earth (Gautier 60). An imaging radiometer has the capability to scan an area and provide pixels of an area giving more detailed images of the surface than a radiometer (Gautier 60). A spectrometer detects, measures, and analyzes the wavelengths of the spectrum using prisms to separate the colors (Gautier 61). Active instruments provide electromagnetic radiation to observe an object (Gautier 69). Satellites that use active instruments send a pulse of energy towards the object being observed, then wait for the energy to be reflected (Gautier 69). This energy is then picked up as weaker or stronger in areas, which can define what features the satellite is looking at (Gautier 70). Some active instruments are radar, scatterometer, and

The Appeals Process Stage of a Criminal Case

The Appeals Process Stage of a Criminal Case Anyone convicted of a crime has the right to appeal that conviction if they believe a legal error has occurred. If you have been convicted of a crime and plan to appeal, you are no longer known as the defendant, you are now the appellant in the case. In criminal cases, an appeal asks a higher court to look at the record of the trial proceedings to determine if a legal error occurred that may have affected the outcome of the trial or the sentence imposed by the judge. Appealing Legal Errors An appeal rarely challenges the decision of the jury, but rather challenges any legal errors that the judge or the prosecution may have made during the trial. Any ruling that the judge made during the preliminary hearing, during pre-trial motions and during the trial itself can be appealed if the appellant believes the ruling was in error. For example, if your lawyer made a pre-trial motion challenging the legality of the search of your car and the judge ruled that the police did not need a search warrant, that ruling can be appealed because it allowed evidence to be seen by the jury that would not have otherwise seen. Notice of Appeal Your attorney will have plenty of time to prepare your formal appeal, but in most states, you have a limited time to announce your intention to appeal your conviction or sentence. In some states, you have only 10 days to decide if there are issues that can be appealed. Your notice of appeal will need to include the exact issue or issues upon which you are basing your appeal. Many appeals have been rejected by higher courts simply because the appellant waited too long to raise the issue. Records and Writs When you appeal your case, the appellate court will receive the record of the criminal trial and all rulings leading up to the trial. Your attorney will file a written brief outlining why you believe your conviction was affected by legal error. The prosecution likewise will file a written brief telling the appellate court why it believes the ruling was legal and appropriate. Usually, after the prosecution files its brief, the appellant can file a follow-up brief in rebuttal. The Next Highest Court Although it does happen, the attorney who handled your criminal trial will probably not handle your appeal. Appeals are usually handled by lawyers who have experience with the appeals process and working with higher courts. Although the appeals process varies from state to state, the process generally starts with the next highest court in the system - state or federal - in which the trial was held. In most cases, this is the state appellate. The party that loses at the appeals court  can apply to the next highest court, usually the state supreme court. If the issues involved in the appeal are constitutional, the case can then be appealed to the federal district appeals court and eventually to the U.S. Supreme Court. Direct Appeals/Automatic Appeals Anyone who is sentenced to death is automatically given a direct appeal. Depending on the state, the appeal may be mandatory or dependent on the defendants choice. Direct appeals always go to the highest court in the state. In federal cases, the direct appeal goes to the federal courts.A panel of judges decides on the outcome of direct appeals. The judges then can either affirm the conviction and sentence, reverse the conviction, or reverse the death sentence.  The losing side can then  petition for a writ of certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court.   Appeals Rarely Successful Very few criminal trial appeals are successful. Thats why when a criminal appeal is granted, it makes headlines in the media because it is rare. In order for a conviction or a sentence to be overturned, the appeals court not only must find that an error occurred, but also that the error was clear and serious enough to affect the outcome of the trial. A criminal conviction can be appealed on the basis that the strength of the evidence presented a trial did not support the verdict. This type of appeal is significantly more expensive and much more lengthy than a legal error appeal and even more rarely successful.

The Similarities and Differences of Nature versus Nurture in Regards Essay - 5

The Similarities and Differences of Nature versus Nurture in Regards to Plato and Aristotles Theories - Essay Example Nature and nurture debate is a discussion that concerns the comparative significance of individuals’ innate qualities. Nature refers to the physical world and its contents. On the other hand, nurture refers to the total of milieu controls and conditions operating on an organism. The fundamentalism in this debate underpins the establishing or causing personal dissimilarities in physical and behavioral qualities. This debate has lasted numerous decades and it is believed to last longer due to the existing and emerging theories of explaining the human behavior Plato believed that behavior knowledge was a result of innate factors. Plato’s theory implied that all knowledge is present at birth and the only thing the milieu does is to remind humanity of the information they already knew. Aristotle believed that, when humans are born into the world, they are just blank slates, whose behavior and thoughts are due to experience, which is attributed to the environment. Aristotle’s theory explains that the environment is a fundamental element in the development of humans’ behavior. Considering Jeannette’s case in the â€Å"Glass Castle† the environment that surrounded her upbringing was harsh. For instance, her father applies a sink or swim approach to teach her how to swim. Later we see Jeannette grows to a strong and outstanding woman who excel in academic and other areas of life. This is a true reflection of Plato’s theory that, the environment consists of influential forces that shape an individual’s behavior. The nature of Jeannette’s perseverance is immensely correlated to the harsh milieu of upbringing characterized poverty that she was she brought in.  Ã‚  

M5a2 - research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M5a2 - research methods - Essay Example In this way, the dependent variable can be defined as the variable that is not in the control of researcher. It can only be measured and observed with reaction of independent variable. How can managerial decisions affect the quality of customer service? Can a good customer service lead to customer loyalty? What is the significance of customer loyalty in relation to profits realized by the organization? Decisions made by the managers with regards to a positive or negative reinforcement can affect employees’ attitude and behavior at work. Therefore, it is necessary to ask the question â€Å"How management decision-making can affect the quality of customer service?† This study assumes that a good customer service quality can lead to customer loyalty which then can create a positive effect over the company’s sales and profitability (Bell, Auh & Smalley, 2005). Therefore, it is necessary to ask the question â€Å"Can a good customer service lead to customer Loyalty?† Basically, doing so will allow the researcher to examine the truth behind the research assumption. Qualitative study is the method of research that evaluates the conclusion by only observations that were evaluated as the result of interaction with the people. The interaction may involve the utilization of a research questionnaire or just interviewing people about the topic. Results must have an interaction with the hypothesis that was made and questionnaire was created. Irrespective of quantitative study that utilizes the scientific method; qualitative study can only utilize the collection of data through various sources associated with the hypothesis. However, both the methods have to be utilized by considering the effectiveness of both the studies. At some place the qualitative approach are considered to be more appropriate as compared to the quantitative study. To determine how management decision-making can affect the quality of customer service and whether a good customer service lead to